History of Coca Cola Essay Example for Free

History of Coca Cola Essay About the Company: The first signs of the Coca-Cola Company started out in Atlanta in 1886 when a pharmacist named John Pemberton developed a caramel colored carbonated drink and sampled it to customers. Soon after, the drink was for sale at five cents a glass, selling about nine glasses a day in the local pharmacy. After Pemberton’s death in 1888, an Atlanta businessman named Asa Griggs Candler, secured the rights to Coca-Cola for a total of $2300 and it was at this time that Coca-Cola transformed from an invention into a business. Over the next several years, through coupons, advertisement, and sampling, the demand for Coca-Cola continued to grow making it necessary to open syrup plants in Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. In 1899, two lawyers secured the rights from Candler to sell Coca-Cola in portable bottle sized serving, as opposed to only being offered in the soda fountains. Not realizing the popularity bottles would have, Candler sold the rights for just one dollar. Going into the new century, Coca-Cola continued to see rapid growth moving into other countries including Canada, Panama, Puerto Rico, France, and Cuba to name a few. From having just two bottlers in 1990, Coca-Cola had almost 1000 bottlers in 1920. Over the next twenty year, focus was on introducing the beverage around the world with much success. After 70 years of success with Coca-Cola, the company began introducing other flavored beverages including Fanta ®, Tab ®, Fresca ®, and Sprite ®. The company’s presence was growing more and more internationally in countries such as Cambodia, Turkey, and Paraguay. In1971, the company was selected to be the only company allowed to sell packaged cold drinks in The Peoples Republic of China. During the 1980’s, Diet Coke was introduced and the company made an attempt at developing a new improved formula for Coca-Cola. While this had good test panel results, when the new formula was introduced on the market, the public begged for the old formula to be reinstated. The public opinion eventually won and Coca-Cola Classic was back on the shelves. The 1990’s  brought other new beverages to the line up including Dasani ® bottled water, Powerade ® sports drink, and Barq’s ® root beer. The company continued to move into other countries including East Germany and India. By 1997, the company was up to over 1 billion servings of their product a day and continually growing. Coca-Cola started out as an experiment in a pharmacy selling just nine glasses a day and now has over 500 brands world wide selling over 1.7 billion servings per day. Even with the tough economy, Coca-Cola has continued its growth and remains to be a beverage that consumers reach for da ily, not just in the United States, but all over the world.

The Role of International Law Concerning Deforestation and Desertificat

The Role of International Law Concerning Deforestation and Desertification The surface of the earth is, in a sense, its skin-a thin but crucial layer protecting the rest of the planet contained within it. Far more than a simple boundary, it interacts in complex ways with the volatile atmosphere above and the raw earth below. It may seem hard to imagine it as a critical component of the ecological balance, but in fact, the health of the earth’s surface is vital to the health of the global environment as a whole. ~Al Gore Deforestation and Desertification. These lucrative concepts echo throughout the environmental movement both past and present. The realization and analyzation of the human species’ manipulation of the environment has stimulated a profound movement towards the protection and maintenance of every aspect to the environment. The pursuit of wealth and power are now being questioned in accordance to the justification of environmental degradation. Today the solutions to all environmental degradation cannot solely be left to national governments. These global issues require international attention and action and the ultimate submission of certain national sovereignty. This protective â€Å"skin† of our earth is in utter turmoil and can solely rely on an international environmental movement. Can the pursuit of wealth and power justify the loss of the environment- the very body that supports all living organisms? The actions of all humans today are manipulating indefinite aspects to the environment and sadly enough, the continuance of the human species in generations to come. In order to assess the significance of international environmental law in accordance with deforestation and desertificatio... ...Nigel. â€Å"Opportunities to save and Sustainably Use the World’s Forests Through International Cooperation.† (1999):33. Online. Internet. 14 March 1999. Available: http://www.iisd.ca/linkages/forestry/sizer.html Slomanson, William R. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law. 2nd ed. Minnesota: West Publishing Co., 1995. Steger, Will and Jon Bowermaster. Saving the Earth: A Citizen’s Guide to Environmental Action. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990. Switzer, Jacqeline. Environmental Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998 "U8830 International Land Resources Managment: Combating Desertification, Deforestation, and Biodiversity Loss." 1996: 9 pp. Online. Netscape. 11 Apr. 1999. Available: http:/www.iisd.ca/linkages/pam/lecture3.html. http://www.cnie.org/nce/clim-4.html http://moby.ucdavis.edu/gaws/10711quebec/gpoup4.html

Prespectives on Personality Essay

The study of personality is one of the major topics of interest within psychology. Numerous personality theories exist, and most of the major ones fall in to one of four major perspectives. Each of these perspectives on personality attempts to describe different patterns in personality, including how these patterns form and how people differ on an individual level. The Psychoanalytic Perspective The  psychoanalytic perspective  of personality emphasizes the importance of early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind. This perspective on personality was created by psychiatrist Sigmund Freud who believed that things hidden in the unconscious could be revealed in a number of different ways, including through dreams, free association and slips of the tongue. Neo-Freudian theorists, including Erik Erikson, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler and  Karen Horney, believed in the importance of the unconscious, but disagreed with other aspects of Freud’s theories. The Humanistic Perspective The humanistic perspective of personality focuses on psychological growth, free will and personal awareness. It takes a more positive outlook on human nature and is centered on how each person can achieve their individual potential. The Social Cognitive Perspective The social cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes the importance of observational learning, self-efficacy, situational influences and cognitive processes. Major Theorists and Their Theories: †¢ Sigmund Freud:  Stressed the importance of early childhood events, the influence of the unconscious and sexual instincts in the development and formation of personality. Erik Erikson:  Emphasized the social elements of personality development, the identity crisis and how personality is shaped over the course of the entire lifespan. †¢ Carl Jung:  Focused on concepts such as the collective unconscious,  archetypes  and psychological types. †¢ Alfred Adler:  Believed the core motive behind personality involves striving for superiority, or the desire to overcome challenges and move closer toward self-realiz ation. This desire to achieve superiority stems from underlying feelings of inferiority that Adler believed were universal. Karen Horney:  Focused on the need to overcome basic anxiety, the sense of being isolated and alone in the world. She emphasized the societal and cultural factors that also play a role in personality, including the importance of the parent-child relationship. What is the Trait Theory The trait approach to personality is one of the major theoretical areas in the study of personality. The trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed broad dispositions. Consider how you would describe the personality of a close friend. Chances are that you would list a number of traits, such as  outgoing,  kind  and  even-tempered. A trait can be thought of as a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways. The Trait Perspective The trait perspective of personality is centered on identifying, describing and measuring the specific traits that make up human personality. By understanding these traits, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals Gordon Allport’s Trait Theory In 1936, psychologist  Gordon Allport  found that one English-language dictionary alone contained more than 4,000 words describing different personality traits.   He categorized these traits into three levels: †¢ Cardinal Traits:  Traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits. People with such personalities often become so known for these traits that their names are often synonymous with these qualities. Consider the origin and meaning of the following descriptive terms: Freudian, Machiavellian, narcissism, Don Juan, Christ-like, etc. Allport suggested that cardinal traits are rare and tend to develop later in life. 2 Central Traits:  These are the general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These central traits, while not as dominating as cardinal traits, are the major characteristics you might use to describe another perso n. Terms such as  intelligent,  honest,shy  and  anxious  are considered central traits. †¢ Secondary Traits:  These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances. Some examples would be getting anxious when speaking to a group or impatient while waiting in line.

Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War

The Battle of San Juan Hill was fought on July 1, 1898, during the Spanish-American War (1898). With the beginning of the conflict in April 1898, leaders in Washington, DC began planning for the invasion of Cuba. Moving forward later that spring, American forces landed in the southern part of the island near the city of Santiago de Cuba. Advancing west, plans were made for capturing the San Juan Heights which overlooked the city and harbor. Moving forward on July 1, Major General William R. Shafters men launched an assault on the heights. In heavy fighting, which included a charge by the famed 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (The Rough Riders), the position was taken. Consolidating around Santiago, Shafter and his Cuban allies commenced a siege of the city which ultimately fell on July 17. Background After landing in late June at Daiquirà ­ and Siboney, Shafters US V Corps pushed west towards the port of Santiago de Cuba. After fighting an indecisive clash at Las Guasimas on June 24, Shafter prepared to assault the heights around the city. While 3,000-4,000 Cuban insurgents, under General Calixto Garcà ­a Ià ±iguez blocked the roads to the north and prevented the city from being reinforced, the Spanish commander, General Arsenio Linares, elected to spread his 10,429 men across Santiagos defenses rather than focus against the American threat (Map). The American Plan Meeting with his division commanders, Shafter instructed Brigadier General Henry W. Lawton to take his 2nd Division north to capture the Spanish strong point at El Caney. Claiming that he could take the town in two hours, Shafter told him to do so then return south to join in the attack on the San Juan Heights. While Lawton was assaulting El Caney, Brigadier General Jacob Kent would advance towards the heights with the 1st Division, while Major General Joseph Wheelers Cavalry Division would deploy to the right. Upon returning from El Caney, Lawton was to form on Wheelers right and the entire line would attack. As the operation moved forward, both Shafter and Wheeler fell ill. Unable to lead from the front, Shafter directed operation from his headquarters via his aides and telegraph. Moving forward early on July 1, 1898, Lawton commenced his attack on El Caney around 7:00 AM. To the south, Shafters aides established a command post atop El Pozo Hill and American artillery rolled into place. Below, the Cavalry Division, fighting dismounted due to a lack of horses, moved forward across the Aguadores River towards their jumping off point. With Wheeler disabled, it was led by Brigadier General Samuel Sumner (Map). Armies Commanders Americans Major General William R. ShafterMajor General Joseph Wheeler15,000 men, 4,000 guerillas, 12 guns, 4 Gatling guns Spanish General Arsenio Linares800 men, 5 guns Casualties American - 1,240 (144 killed, 1,024 wounded, 72 missing)Spanish - 482 (114 killed, 366 wounded, 2 captured) Fighting Begins Pushing forward, American troops experienced harassing fire from Spanish snipers and skirmishers. Around 10:00 AM, the guns on El Pozo opened fire on the San Juan Heights. Reaching the San Juan River, the cavalry waded across, turned right, and began forming their lines. Behind the cavalry, the Signal Corps launched a balloon which spotted another trail that could be used by Kents infantry. While the bulk of Brigadier General Hamilton Hawkins 1st Brigade had passed the new trail, Colonel Charles A. Wikoffs brigade was diverted to it. Encountering Spanish snipers, Wikoff was mortally wounded. In short order, the next two officers in line to lead the brigade were lost and command devolved to Lieutenant Colonel Ezra P. Ewers. Arriving to support Kent, Ewers men fell into line, followed by Colonel E.P. Pearsons 2nd Brigade which took a position on the extreme left and also provided the reserve. For Hawkins, the objective of the assault was a blockhouse atop the heights, while the cavalry was to capture a lower rise, Kettle Hill, before attacking San Juan. Delays Though American forces were in a position to attack, the did not advance as Shafter was awaiting Lawtons return from El Caney. Suffering through intense tropical heat, the Americans were taking casualties from Spanish fire. As men were hit, parts of the San Juan River valley were dubbed Hells Pocket and Bloody Ford. Among those irritated by the inaction was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, commanding the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (The Rough Riders). After absorbing enemy fire for some time, Lieutenant Jules G. Ord of Hawkins staff asked his commander for permission to lead the men forward. The Americans Strike After some discussion, a cautious Hawkins relented and Ord led the brigade into the attack supported by a battery of Gatling guns. Having been rallied to the field by the sound of the guns, Wheeler officially gave Kent the order to attack before returning to the cavalry and telling Sumner and his other brigade commander, Brigadier General Leonard Wood, to advance. Moving forward, Sumners men formed the first line, while Woods (including Roosevelt) comprised the second. Pushing forward, the lead cavalry units reached a road halfway up Kettle Hill and paused. Pushing on, several officers, including Roosevelt called for a charge, surged forward, and overran the positions on Kettle Hill. Consolidating their position, the cavalry provided supporting fire to the infantry which was moving up the heights towards the blockhouse. Reaching the foot of the heights, Hawkins and Ewers men discovered that the Spanish had erred and placed their trenches on the topographical rather than the military crest of the hill. As a result, they were unable to see or shoot at the attackers. Taking San Juan Hill Scrambling up the steep terrain, the infantry paused near the crest, before pouring over and driving out the Spanish. Leading the attack, Ord was killed as entered the trenches. Swarming around the blockhouse, American troops finally captured it after entering through the roof. Falling back the Spanish occupied a secondary line of trenches to the rear. Arriving on the field, Pearsons men moved forward and secured a small hill on the American left flank. Atop Kettle Hill, Roosevelt attempted to lead an attack forward against San Juan but was followed by only five men. Returning to his lines, he met with Sumner and was given permission to take the men forward. Storming forward, the cavalrymen, including the African-American Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry, broke through lines of barbed wire and cleared the heights to their front. Many sought to pursue the enemy to Santiago and had to be recalled. Commanding the extreme right of the American line, Roosevelt was soon reinforced by infantry and repulsed a half-hearted Spanish counterattack. Aftermath The storming of the San Juan Heights cost the Americans 144 killed and 1,024 wounded, while the Spanish, fighting on the defensive, lost only 114 dead, 366 wounded, and 2 captured. Concerned that the Spanish could shell the heights from the city, Shafter initially ordered Wheeler to fall back. Assessing the situation, Wheeler instead ordered the men to entrench and be prepared to hold the position against attack. The capture of the heights compelled the Spanish fleet in the harbor to attempt a breakout on July 3, which led to their defeat at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. American and Cuban forces next began a siege of the city which finally fell on July 17 (Map).